- order of shots or shot choices
Meaning of a clip could change depending on the order of shots.
Putting two shots together can suggest a connection or emphasise contrast (juxtaposition)
Who's perspective is prilliviged, screen time meaning point of view shots, revealing what character is most important in a particular narrative.
- continuity
Establishing shot (space of action)
180' rule(same space described in each shit), shot reverse shot, eyeliner match or match on action... This means continuation of the same movement in the next shot.
This is used to help tell a story with narrative continuity, helps the viewer make sense of the action by implying spatial relationship and ensures smooth flow from shot to shot. This create realism.
- non continuity editing
Continuity is broken, this is meant by shots created through juxtaposition and metaphorical shots.
- transitions
Imply a passage time or imply a change in location and emphasises a connection, perhaps what a character is thinking, remembering or dreaming about using dissolved/cross fading
- shot duration, pace and rhyme
This will reflect the narrative context and urgency so short shot duration conveys action and urgency where as long shit duration creates a slower pace conveys intensity with the narrative which allows us to focus upon facial expression emotion and other aspects of misse en Scene which otherwise be missed.
- special effects
Can be used to further manipulate the mise en scene sequences such as Chris Cunningham was successfull at doing.
It's useful to consider how editing techniques are used to two control what information is revealed or hidden from, characters or audience?
For example if the audience knows more then the character or screen who help provoke an emotional reaction impending danger. (Cross cutting)
How editing is developed?
- Film started out in 1800's with no edit atall
- 1895's lumumier brothers (train video) audience were affraid of the moving image as it was never before seen
- Once thought cinema have no future until coming to a realisation of cutting footage to change between shots
-Which they would physically cut and paste together pieces of film using spicer and threading the film on a machine with a view
- THIS WAS THE FIRST SIGHN OF EDITING
- editing therefore developed to add coloure, this was known as colorization which they'd physically coloure it by hand.
- Griffith therefore introduced a narrative to the film, by first using close up
- film makers then realised they could use flash backs, parallel actions and close ups.
Editing techniques have became more known allowing it to be developed and became more advances such as the animate world.
The fundamental point of the language of shots that build a meaning such as the start of a film a image of a building, where the character has not been introduced but the audience will already know that the character is in the building with out any further clues to tell us that the character is in the building.
The idea of two images linking together making various of meaning for examples... I was taught and shown a image of a man linking to three other images which almost changes what the audience thinks that they know the emotions of a character.
Another way to describe in detail and explain the principles of editing is tempo which editors use to control the length of each shot. In my resear it has been known for studios to suggest that shots are gaining pace in comparison to the golden age of Hollywood.
Fact - the average shot length was 5.15 seconds. It is now 4.75
This is due to the fact that film are now electronically cut and not hand cut. The problem with tempo is takes an average person 3 seconds to a just to a shot change.
Argueblly if the average shot length is too short it could possibly leave no time for the audience to catch up. The tendency to rely on such rapid editing in recent films may explain with young individual audiences are not interested to older films.
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